Protozoan Infections in Freshwater Crayfish
|
| |
| Protozoans cause the following
disease conditions of freshwater crayfish: |
| |
 Microsporidiosis |
| Psorospermiasis |
| Tetrahymeniasis |
| Infestation
by apostomes |
| External
fouling |
| |
| Microsporidiosis and Psorospermiasis
have received considerable research interest over the years as both are
easily detect in advanced stages without, or with very basic, equipment.
In fact, after crayfish plague, these two diseases are probably the best
studied of all conditions affecting freshwater crayfish. Even so, our
knowledge of the pathogens associated with these diseases is surprisingly
limited. For example, Psorospermium was first described over 100
years ago but its taxonomic affinities were not will understood until
the late 1990s |
| |
| All of these conditions may
be controlled to some degree by environmental management. Tetrahymeniasis,
apostome infestations and external protozoan fouling may be effectively
managed by environmental manipulation such as water exchange to reduce
the organic loads. Proper understanding of the life cycle and other fundamental
biological characteristics of microsporidians and Psorospermium
are lacking, and this complicates management of these pathogens. |
Microsporidiosis
|
| |
| Microsporidiosis has frequently
been reported as occurring in wild populations of freshwater crayfish
because the disease is easily recognised by its obvious clinical sign
of whitening of the musculature. It is colloquially referred to as milky,
cotton or porcelain tail disease. The prevalence of microsporidiosis in
wild crayfish populations is usually less than 1%, but there are a few
reports of much high prevalence. Presumably because of the many reports
of its occurrence in wild populations, early reviews on the significance
of disease in freshwater crayfish aquaculture sometimes suggested that
microsporidiosis would be an important disease to manage. However, generally
this has not been the case as microsporidiosis is only rarely observed
in crayfish in semi-intensive systems. In my experience with C. quadricarinatus
(redclaw), the farmers who have seen affected crayfish comment that they
had a few affected crayfish in the first year or two after collecting
their stock from the wild and had not seen affected crayfish since. Though
the reason for this is not understood, it may be that the microsporidians
which infect freshwater crayfish have complex life cycles and require
hosts in addition to the crayfish for reproduction. These other hosts
may be fish or other animals which are excluded from the semi-intensive
systems. There is some evidence to support this theory in that there are
several reports of failed attempts, and no reports of successful attempts,
to transmit certain types of microsporidians, especially the Thelohania
or Thelohania-like species, by feeding infected freshwater crayfish
tissue to other freshwater crayfish of the same species. Moreover, even
though Vavraia parastacida, cause of microsporidiosis in C.
destructor (yabby), may be transmitted by cannibalism and to other
Australian crayfish which feed on infected tissues, Langdon and Thorne
(1992) still felt it was possible that the microsporidian required another
host to complete its life cycle. Microsporidians which infect freshwater
crayfish belong to the genera Thelohania, Pleistophora,
Ameson and Vavraia. Thelohania contejeani is the
most frequently reported microsporidian in European crayfish. |
| References |
| |
| Aiken D (1989) Psorospermium-like
organisms from the ovary of the crayfish Orconectes virilis from
Alberta, Canada. World Aquaculture Magazine 20(2): 6-7 |
| |
| Alderman D J, Polglase J L, Holdich D M, Lowery R S (1988) Pathogens, parasites
and commensals. In: Holdich DM, Lowery RS (eds) (editors), Freshwater
crayfish - biology, management and exploitation.Croom Helm, Sydney, p
167-212 |
| |
| Andreadis TG (1985) Experimental transmission of a microsporidian pathogen
from mosquitos to an alternate copepod host. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Science of the United States of America 82: 5574-5577 |
| |
| Arrignon J C V, Roche B (1983) Population of the crayfish Austropotamobius
pallipes pallipes Lereb. in a brook of Corsica, France. Freshwater
Crayfish 5: 229-238 |
| |
| Boshko E G (1978) The parasites and symbionts of the river crab, Astacus
(Pontastacus) leptodactylus
Esch. in the river Udai (Dnepr basin). Problemy Gidro Parazitologii. 16-20 |
| |
| Boshko E G (1981) The occurrence of Psorospermium haeckeli Hilgendorg
in river crabs in the waterbodies of the Dnepr basin (Ukrainian SSR).
Vestnik Zoologii. 6: 73-76 |
| |
| Boshko EG (1995) New species of infusoria of the genera Sincothurnia and
Lagenophrys (Peritricha, Vaginicolidae, Lagenophryidae). Zoologicheskii
Zhumal 74(7): 5-9 |
| |
| Brewis J M, Bowler K (1982) The growth of the freshwater crayfish Austropotamobius
pallipes in Northumbria. Freshwater Biology 12(2): 187-200 |
| Carstairs I L (1978) Report of microsporidial infestation of the freshwater
crayfish, Cherax destructor. Newsletter Australian Society for
Limnology 15(3): 19-23 |
| |
| Carstairs IL (1978) Report of microsporidial infestations of the freshwater
crayfish, Cherax destructor. Freshwater Crayfish 4: 343-348 |
| |
| Cerenius L, Henttonen P, Lindqvist O V, Soderhall K (1991) The crayfish
pathogen Psorospermium haeckeli activates the prophenoloxidase
activating system of freshwater crayfish in vitro. Aquaculture. 99: 225-233 |
| |
| Cerenius L, Söderhäll K (1992) The distribution of Psorospermium haeckeli
in Sweden: A preliminary survey. Freshwater Crayfish 9: 5-10 |
| |
| Chaisemartin C (1983) Alterations in the water and ionic balance induced
by microsporidian in the haemolymph and skeletal muscles of the palliped
crayfish host, Austropotamobius pallipes . Vie Et Milieu 33(3-4):
171-176 |
| |
| Chartier L, Chaisemartin C (1983) Effect of Thelohania infection on populations
of Austropotamobius pallipes in granitic and calcareous habitats.
Comptes Rendus Des Seances De L'Academie Des Sciences, Paris 297(8): 441-443 |
| |
| Clamp JC (1987) Five new species of Lagenophrys (Ciliophora, Peritricha,
Lagenophryidae) from the United States with observations on their developmental
stages. Journal of Protozoology 34(4): 382-392 |
| |
| Clamp JC (1994) New species of Lagenophrys (Ciliophora, Peritrichia) from
New Zealand and Australia. Journal of Eurkaryotic Microbiology 41(4):
343-349 |
| |
| Cossins AR (1973) Thelohania contejeani Henneguy, microsporidian
parasite of Austropotamobius pallipes Lereboullet: an histological
and ultrastructural study. Freshwater Crayfish 2: 151-164 |
| |
| Cossins AR, Bowler K (1974) An histological and ultrastructural study of
Thelohania contejeani Henneguy, 1892 (Nosematidae), microsporidian
parasite of the crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes Lereboullet.
Parasitology 68: 81-91 |
| |
| Coste P, Breton JC, Chaisemartin C (1986) Influence of Thelohania contejeani
(Microspora, Thelohaniidae) on the utilization of nutrient fatty acids
by the crayfish host, Austropotamobius pallipes. Annales Des Sciences
Naturelles Zoologie Et Biologie Animale 8(1): 11-18 |
| |
| Coste P, Chaisemartin C (1986) Effect of the microsporidian Thelohania
contejeani on the adenylic load in the crayfish, Austropotamobius
pallipes. Comptes Rendus De L'Academie Des Sciences, III Sciences
De La Vie 303(5): 171-174 |
| Dehli E (1980) White-tail disease Thelohania contejeani on crayfish.
Fauna 33(4): 157 |
| |
| Diéguez-Uribeondo J, Pinedo-Ruiz J, Cerenius L, Söderhäll K (1993) Presence
of Psorospermium haeckeli (Hilgendorf) in a Pacifastacus leniusculus
(Dana) population of Spain. Freshwater Crayfish 9: 286-288 |
| |
| Dieguez Uribeondo J, Pinedo Ruiz J, Muzquiz J L (1997) Thelohania contejeani
in the province of Alava, Spain. Bulletin Francais De La Peche Et De La
Pisciculture. 347: 749-752 |
| |
| Edgerton BF, O' Donoghue P, Wingfield M, Owens L (1996) Systemic infection
of freshwater crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus by hymenostome ciliates
of the Tetrahymena pyriformis complex. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms
27(2): 123-129 |
| |
| Edgerton BF, Owens L (1999) Histopathological surveys of the redclaw freshwater
crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus in Australia. Aquaculture 180(1-2):
23-40 |
| France R L (1983) Response of the crayfish Orconectes virilis to
experimental acidification of a lake with special reference to the importance
of calcium. Freshwater Crayfish 5: 98-111 |
| |
| France R L (1985) Increased microsporidian parasitism of the crayfish Orconectes
virilis in an experimentally acidified lake. Water, Air and Soil Pollution
26(2): 129-136 |
| |
| France R L, Graham L (1985) Increased microsporidian parasitism of the
crayfish Orconectes virilis in an experimentally acidified lake.
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 26(2): 129-136 |
| |
| France RL, Graham L (1985) Increased microsporidian parasitism of the crayfish
Orconectes virilis in experimentally acidified lake. Water Air and Soil
Pollution 26: 129-136 |
| Haeckel E (1857) Über die Gewebe des Flusskrebses. Archiv Für Anatomie,
Physiologie Und Wissenschaftliche Medizin 24: 469-568 |
| |
| Heikinheimo Schmid O, Pursiainen M, Westman K, Tuunainen P (1988) Country
report of Finland for the intersessional period of the European Inland
Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIFAC) 1986-87. EIFAC-Occasional-Paper.
20: 28-48 |
| |
| Henneguy F, Thelohan P (1892) Myxosporidies parasites des muscles chez
quelzes crustaces decapodes. Annales Des Micrographie 4: 617-641 |
| |
| Henttonen P (1996) PhD Thesis. Kuopia University Publications, 78 p p. |
| |
| Henttonen P, Huner JV, Lindqvist OE (1995) Observations on Psorospermium
haekeli in noble Crayfish Astacus astacus Linné (Decapoda,
Astacidas) Populations in Central Finland. Freshwater Crayfish 10: 339-351 |
| |
| Henttonen P, Huner JV, Lindqvist OV (1994) Occurrence of Psorospermium
sp. in several North American crayfish species, with comparative notes
on Psorospermium haeckeli in the European crayfish, Astacus
astacus. Aquaculture 120(3-4): 209-218 |
| |
| Henttonen P, Huner JV, Rata P, Lindqvist OV (1997) A comparison of the
known life forms of Psorospermium spp. in freshwater crayfish (Arthropoda,
decapoda) with emphasis on Astacus astacus L. (Astacidae) and Procambarus
clarkii (Girard) (Cambaridae). Aquaculture 149(1-2): 15-30 |
| |
| Henttonen P, Lindqvist OV, Huner JV (1992) Incidence of Psorospermium
sp. in several cultivated populations of crayfishes, Procambarus
spp. (Decapoda, Cambaridae), in Southern Louisiana. Journal of the World
Aquaculture Society 23(1): 31-37 |
| |
| Herbert B (1987) Notes on diseases and epibionts of Cherax quadricarinatus
and C. tenuimanus (Decapoda: Parastacidae). Aquaculture 64(3):
165-173 |
| |
| Herbert B (1988) Infection of Cherax quadricarinatus (Decapoda:
Parastacidae) by the microsporidium Thelohania sp. (Microsporida:
Nosematidae). Journal of Fish Diseases 11: 301-308 |
| |
| Hilgendorf F (1883) Bemerkungen über die sogenannte Krebspest ins besondere
über Psorospermium haeckeli. Sitzungsberichte. Gesellschaft Naturforschender
Freunde Zu Berlin 9: 179-183 |
| Kabre G (1988) Effect of Thelohania contejeani microsporidiosis
on the metabolism of total fatty acids in the muscle, hepatopancreas and
haemolymph of Austropotamobius pallipes. European Journal of Protistology
23(2): 122-128 |
| |
| Kabre G (1992) Effect of the microsporidian Thelohania contejeani on the metabolism
of total muscular and hepatopancreatic phospholipids in the crayfish Austropotamobius
pallipes Le Reboulet, 1858. Annales Des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie
Et Biologie Animale 13(3): 97-102 |
| |
| Kane JR (1965) The genus Lagenophrys Stein, 1852 (Ciliata, Peritricha)
on Australasian Parastacidae. Journal of Protozoology 12: 109-122 |
| |
| Kobayashi M, Soderhall K (1990) Comparison of concanavalin A reactive determinants
on isolated haemocytes of parasite-infected and non-infected freshwater
crayfish. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 9(2): 141-147 |
| Mazylis A (1978) On Astacus astacus L. infected with Thelohania
contejeani. Freshwater Crayfish 4: 471-473 |
| |
| Mazylis A (1978) On Astacus astacus L. infected with Thelohania
contejeani Henneguy. Freshwater Crayfish 4: 471-473 |
| |
| Mazylis A, Grigelis A (1979) On the diseases of the broad clawed crayfish
in some Lithuanian lakes. In: Mackeviciene G I, Cukerzis J M, Sestokas
J A, Tamkevicience E A (eds) (editors), The biology of the crayfish of
the Lithuanian inner waters.Mokslas, Vilnius, p 121-127 |
| |
| McGriff D, Modin J (1983) Thelohania contejeani parasitism of the
crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus, in California. California Fish
and Game 69(3): 178-183 |
| |
| Mori M, Salvidio S, Isola G, Cresta P (1997) Demographic structure of four
populations of the freshwater crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes
(Lereboullet), from Liguria (Italy). Annali Del Museo Civico Di Storia
Naturale "Giacomo Doria" 91, 1996-1997 : 341-354 |
| |
| Munday B L, Copland J W, Fowler M E (1982) Diseases of farmed freshwater
tablefish in Australia. An overview. Wildlife diseases of the Pacific
Basin and other countries. Proceedings 4th International Conference of
the Wildlife Disease Association 25 28 August 1981: Sydney, Australia.
p 160-165 |
| Nesemann H, Mori M, Salvidio S, Isola G, Cresta P (1997) Leeches and branchiobdellid
worms: (Clitellata: Hirudinea, Branchiobdellida) of Austria: demographic
structure of four populations of the freshwater crayfish Austropotamobius
pallipes (Lereboullet), from Liguria (Italy). Annali Del Museo Civico
Di Storia Naturale "Giacomo Doria" 91, 1996-1997(1997) : 341-354 |
| |
| Nylund V, Westman K (1978) Psorospermium haeckeli, a parasite on
the European crayfish, Astacus astacus, found in Finland. Freshwater
Crayfish 4: 385-390 |
| |
| Nylund V, Westman K, Fuerst M (1978) Thelohania contejeani and Psorospermium
haeckeli - two parasites on the European crayfish, Astacus astacus, in Finland. Nordiskt Kraeftsymposium
1977 : 72-81 |
| |
| Nylund V, Westman K, Lounatmaa K (1983) Ultrastructure and taxonomic position
of the crayfish parasite Psorospermium haeckeli Hilgendorf. Freshwater
Crayfish 5: 307-314 |
| O'Keeffe C O, Reynolds J D (1983) The occurrence of crayfish diseases and
their significance in Ireland. Freshwater Crayfish 5: 299-306 |
| |
| Obradovic J, Sabocanec R (1983) Thelohaniosis in crayfish (Astacus astacus
L.). Veterinarski Arhiv 53(6): 277-281 |
| |
| Overstreet RM (1975) Buquinolate as a preventive drug to control microsporidosis
in the blue crab. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 26(2): 213-216 |
| |
| Overstreet RM, Whatley EC (1975) Prevention of microsporidiosis in the
blue crab with notes on natural infections. In: Avault JW, Miller R (eds)
Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Workshop World Mariculture Society. Louisiana
State University, Louisiana, |
| |
| Owens L, Evans L (1989) Common diseases of freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium)
and crayfish (marron and yabbies) relevant to Australia. In: Refresher
course for veterinarians. Proceedings No 117 - Invertebrates in aquaculture.
University of Queensland, p 227-240 |
| Quilter C G (1976) Microsporidan parasite Thelohania contejeani Henneguy
from New Zealand freshwater crayfish. New Zealand Journal of Marine and
Freshwater Research 10(1): 225-231 |
| |
| Ragan M A, Goggin C L, Cawthorn R J, Cerenius L, Jamieson A V C, Plourde
S M, Rand T G, Soderhall K, Gutell R R (1996) A novel clade of protistan
parasites near the animal-fungal divergence. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93(21): 11907-11912 |
| |
| Rug M, Vogt G (1994) Developmental stages of the crayfish parasite Psorospermium
haeckeli in thoracic arteries of Astacus astacus. Journal of Invertebrate
Pathology 64(2): 153-155 |
| |
| Rug M, Vogt G (1995) Histology and histochemistry of developing and mature
spores of two morphotypes of Psorospermium haeckeli. Freshwater
Crayfish 10: 374-384 |
| Scheer D (1979) Psorospermium orconectis n.sp., a new parasite in
Orconectes limosus. Archiv Fur Protistenkunde 121(4): 381-391 |
| |
| Schmahl G, Raether W, Mehlhorn H (1992) Hoe 092 V, a new triazine derivative
effective against a broad spectrum of fish and crustacean parasites. Parasitology
Research 78(8): 702-706 |
| |
| Scott JR, Thune RL (1986) Ectocommensal protozoan infestations of gills
of red swamp crawfish, Procambarus clarkii (Girard), from commercial
ponds. Aquaculture 55: 161-164 |
| |
| Semple G P (1995) Occurrence of pathogenic Thelohania (Microsporida: Nosematidae)
in the Australian freshwater crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus (Decapoda:
Parastacidae). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 115:
225-231 |
| |
| Skurdal J, Qvenild T, Taugbol T, Fjeld E (1990) A 6-year study of Thelohania
contejeani parasitism of the noble crayfish, Astacus astacus
L., in Lake Steinsfjorden, S.E. Norway. Journal of Fish Diseases 13(5):
411-415 |
| |
| Skurdal J, Taugbol T, Fjeld E, Hessen DO, Hastein T (1988) Thelohania
contejeani Henneguy parasitizing the noble crayfish, Astacus astacus
L., in Norway. Journal of Fish Diseases 11(5): 433-435 |
| |
| Soganders-Bernal F (1962) Presumable microsporidiosis in the dwarf crayfishes
Cambarellus puer Hobbs and C. shufeldti (Faxon) in Louisiana.
Journal of Parasitology 38: 493 |
| |
| Sprague V, Couch J (1971) An annotated list of protozoan parasites, hyperparasites,
and commensals of decapod crustacea. Journal of Protozoology 18(3): 526-537 |
| |
| Sumari O, Westman K (1969) The crayfish parasite Thelohania contejeani
Henneguy (Sporozoa, Microsporidia) found in Finland. Annales Zoologici
Fennici 7: 193-194 |
| Thornquist P O, Soderhall K (1993) Psorospermium haeckeli and its
interaction with the crayfish defence system. Aquaculture 117(3-4): 205-213 |
| |
| Vey A (1978) Recherches sur une maladie des écrevisses due au parasite
Psorospermium haeckeli Hilgendorf. Freshwater Crayfish 4: 411-418 |
| |
| Vey A (1979) Present research on crayfish diseases: fundamental and practical
aspects. Pisciculture Francaise 15(56): 41-45 |
| |
| Vey AaVC (1973) Protozoan and fungal diseases of Austropotamobius pallipes
Lereboullet in France. Freshwater Crayfish 2: 165-179 |
| |
| Vogt G, Keller M, Brandis D (1996) Occurrence of Psorospermium haeckeli
in the stone crayfish Austropotamobius torrentium from a population
naturally mixed with the noble crayfish Astacus astacus. Diseases
of Aquatic Organisms 25(3): 233-238 |
| |
| Vogt G, Rug M (1995) Microscopic anatomy and histochemistry of the crayfish
parasite Psorospermium haeckeli. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms
21(2): 79-90 |
| |
| Voronin VN (1971) New data on microsporidiosis of the crayfish Astacus
astacus (L. 1758). Parasitology 1: 224-330 |
| |
| Vranckx R, Durliat M (1981) Encapsulation of Psorospermium haeckeli
by the haemocytes of Astacus leptodactylus. Experientia 37(1):
40-42 |
| |
| Vranx R, Durliat M (1981) Encapsulation of Psorospermium haeckeli
by the haemocytes of Astacus leptodactylus. Experientia 37: 40-42 |
| |
| Westman K, Nylund V (1978) Parasites and diseases of crayfish in Finland.
Meddelanden Vilt Och Fiskeriforskningsinstitutet
Fiskeriforskningsavdelningen 10: 48-68 |